SGU Episode 403

This transcript was done by the Google Web Speech API Demonstration and therefore will require careful proof reading.

This is the transcript for the latest episode and it is not yet complete. Please help us complete it! Add a Transcribing template to the top of this episode before you start so that we don't duplicate your efforts.

This episode needs: transcription, time stamps, links, 'Today I Learned' list, categories, segment redirects. Please help out by contributing!

How to Contribute

SGU Episode 403
6th Apr 2013
(brief caption for the episode icon)
SGU 402                      SGU 404
Skeptical Rogues
S: Steven Novella
B: Bob Novella
R: Rebecca Watson
J: Jay Novella
E: Evan Bernstein
Guest
IO: Ian O'Neill
Quote of the Week
Design in nature is but a concatenation of accidents, culled by natural selection until the result is so beautiful or effective as to seem a miracle of purpose.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pollan Michael Pollan
Links
Download Podcast
SGU Podcast archive
Forum Discussion

Introduction

You're listening to the Skeptics' Guide to the Universe, your escape to reality.

Everybody

Rebecca Watson

have to run a no go hey guys

and Evan Bernstein

good evening how are you

feeling show is this the first time we're actually recording a show at first

I think so

remember that and I would force myself to forget it

he say we're staying what's going on with Becca

in much the same way that St Patrick's Day is amateur night for drinking hahahahahaha say night night amatuer night for comedians for pranksters yeah thanks you're like 99.9 percent of pranks not funny for it all interesting and it's even worse in VCU secrets now become this day for corporate viral videos make well yeah you're Asian is going to win April Fools today yeah did anybody spirit a good pranks today are here but one of the things now I got squat with the house at about Google trying to say that they were taking you to down there in CC YouTube for the day or so how was a stylus minute that was a funny video about all I heard that you tube was just a giant c*** contest and now they're ready to start sorting through all this emissions and filling out a winner in 10 years is taking a lot longer than that everything is it turns a sec at the Kentucky other one that was like oh no no that's a winner would definitely be a cat video in just by Angeline I don't like the ones where it's actually something that gets you really upset I think you can pull a prank that is just funny but Steven is it is a douche for doing this for helpful prank it'll be like I'm moving out of state bank yeah but it still sucked it took me months to build up to that prank yeah that was a one day saying that was a long I totally got everybody Terry was mad at me for the day he died doing you a favor for Dave you never know that your pregnant for the rest of your days ago I would have lunch or dinner or something he would be the years after that tracking you do you like a guy for having done that for you up never let it go never got me back unless you somehow still alive and that was the best prank ever that would be a Houseman ask her 

This Day in Skepticism ()

April 6 1992 Isaac Asimov Died

I did it for food stay in choosing this day in history ah

Because I hate it so much so it is a test Itasca such a pro 6th and April 6 1992 marks the day that I see chasm of died at the age 72 from complications of age is best known for his science fiction novels but she may be loved by our audience for being one of the founding members of the committee for the sign up for psych up what she sees ghost ICSI he was a busy man Christianity did or wrote near the 500 bucks in his lifetime across a huge variety of disciplines including a children's book and nonfiction guide to Shakespeare he's up to a professor posterior see which I attended tell you to school Madison NE died 6 years before I got to the time that I really gotta die sick as much as 20% your. He was riding exclusively science books nonfiction he had written in science fiction he was younger than me to the haters to write on pictures didn't come back to writing science fiction till later so I knew him exclusively as a writer of nonfiction books until he started taking up writing fiction again and then I got into the robot series in the India new riders foundation series was awesome it is still classic of Science Fiction highly recommend it for anyone to art science fiction I wouldn't I read for the first time a couple months ago and I thought this terrible just really on enjoyable Highland Way better

you're insane

Anna says in ASAP send an email yeah I didn't like it because it was just a really broad view of the universe with no there's no feeling of Placer culture character Ricky Rick Ross is what I found out it was just a serialized collection of short stories that word originally just a sin to a magazine was the street a virgin rations no doubt but you have to stick with a little bit first of all and he doesn't read the whole first f*** 2nd 3rd Thanks for a much better just keeps getting better and then he brings all the way back around to his robot series really great take your time line everything and it was different about it wasn't it took such a long view of history what about history that's what this series is really bad and the characters that have continuity through the stories to hold your interest are there any women in later books of one of the primary characters is a female know she's a robot what year does season and she isn't what I heard of the later cause I was there was one of the annoying things about it I think we're seeing is the difference between is really writing to make the 50's and enjoy the pics up in his 70's hits amateur modern in that regard in another regards and that's what really gets good enough is Liz and light is on the right side effects but yeah probably going to see this little dated.

News Items

Fairy Circle Update ()

• LiveScience: Fairy Circle Mystery Solved

well let's move on. Evan, you're going to tell us a scientific breakthrough that might finally resolve d to sing during controversy and mystery over the fairy circles give you a call back in July of 2012 I brought the news item about fairy circles Jerry circles are what the local population in Namibia call the mysterious circular shape pattern which appear by the thousands Show in the desert Grassland region umm some people can't help but look at the pictures and think she's right now ever when I first read the article I couldn't help but think about and I'm not on Netflix is fairy ring fairy rings are groups of mushroom I was Pierre fun guy which appear to grow in a tulip sign drink and fairy rings to the Grammys would it be okay to various folklore is dating back hundreds of years is ring shaped designs were deliberately designed by magical creatures such as fairies else Pyxis an Argonian that one in the older school Santa Ana and suppose the visa at rings are portals are gateways to the magical rounds all the way I think that an enlightened people of the 21st century are well beyond leaving in such fantasies as skeptics me know better than to overestimate peoples grasp on reality sometimes so and sizes to be studying the ferry service for some time they were having hard time figuring out the cause but missed reminder find the song is just a few days ago livescience.com post a follow-up on the story to share in last summer the news report states that a species of sand termite called cemetery miss loks in this center my could be behind the serious study was published on March 28 in the journal Science talked about before I had focus on prior studies suggesting that it might have been some kind of insect activity perhaps and perhaps termites scientist from Germany measured the water content in the soil at the center the circles and determined enough water in that swell to support a termite even in the driest season the service also look at the Oregon other organisms found in for circles but the center my only creature down consistently atria patch yet is it consistently majority of patches means not in every patch right so I think they're still heading to bed a little bit here that's the impression I got yeah that this is pretty compelling evidence that the termites are a good candidate they can be cracked you eating the route of the grass is killing me definitely changing the soil but I do know I'm not convinced by this evidence to the Terminator not just living in these fairy circles I don't need a really prove that they're creating the fairy circle right and there swelling fairy circle seems to be altered for that plants can survive where is strange usually in rich soil Emagine through their next group which would make it more hospitable plants so there's still things to be figured out about these fairy circles but the termites are present there the most commonly found creatures in the circle so they are working along those lines of f**** going with termites search said this before me to give a s*** but there's a few questions to recover from time to time does essentially is a genuine scientific controversy when is two schools of thought the debate back and forth what I find a little annoying is it everytime the mainstream media reports on a new study on one side of the day or the other day always talk as if it's settled like the debate over this is the right answer me wild one in a long series of back and forth between the two sides again when we from settling and I wonder if this really is fitting into that same moon just hearing about the printer mites I didn't want to publish the latest study right right termite issue termite Big big insect is behind I'm sure OK Thanks Evan.

Retraction Watch ()

• http://retractionwatch.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/why-publishers-should-explain-why-papers-disappear-the-complicated-lewandowsky-study-saga/

Rebecca you're going to tell us about published papers That disappear from literature yeah I'm going to do it less boring way then you just implied so does Stephen Liu Indo ski is an Australian to colleges to write it out and research is sin sin I listen to some other pics PSU audience may best known him for koala sirene TD Bank in Handbook which is free pdf isn't it I had to be a good skeptic and how to communicate faxed your audience in cracked misconceptions so last year the dusky release a paper titled nasis fake the moon landing there for climate science is a hoax anatomy of the motivating rejection of science this study using an anonymous survey of climate blog readers to show people who believe in a non regulated market that predicts whether or not they will deny global warming there more likely to deny global warming um which isn't huge news I am also shows that people who 29 global warming are also more likely to believe that the Moon Man in wasn't real and that the government doctors are online and they say smoking causes lung cancer add a government it created AIDS other conspiracy theories like that this isn't exactly groundbreaking in that we did discuss the city last year that showed add a similar search results about how people believe in one conceive conspiracy theory tend to believe in mini conspiracy theories that one that saves call dad and I'll live police in contradictory conspiracy theories but at this study the fact that it included denial of global warming as a conspiracy theory was pretty controversial especially amongst the people think that global warming is a giant hoax Lewandowski study has been replicated since it was first on and it is the publisher few days ago and psychological science that he released it last year so its been out there on the Internet what makes this study for taking the interest season is the reaction to it and also do in Dallas keys reaction to the reaction so obviously convocation irswheres curious about the study find large many as an excuse and ask if purposely fudge in the data to fit his liberal bias or the Q's climate scientists and cleaning for clients science levers of pretending to be tonight analyst in order to take the survey and make them look crazy so in other words they were inventing new conspiracy theories to deny the results that shows that they were more likely to be more drawn to conspiracy theories and then I'll yes Ray Lewis house key did not miss the irony of that but instead of chocolate in a movie on he published another paper about that reaction to the first paper this time title tracker 6 Siri conspiracist ideation in the blogosphere in response to research on conspiracist ideation and in that paper examines reactions and points out that some of the Nile is conspiracy theories included not just the original authors of the paper but and club University executive a media organization and the Australian Government he tried to Tracy bellaries theories and determine how quickly they caught on a month and the other kind of tires today newpaper was just published in February in French years and personally science and individual differences but now everything but the abstract has disappeared with no explanation as of this recording. Ivan or in ski a blogger app retraction watch which is retraction watch at wordpress.com ask the journal why it was removed and the editor told him that there was going to be a meeting this week to find out which is odd either is that when Paul Matthews is University of Nottingham ask them he was told it was taken down just for typesetting Italian people online are clearing to find out what's going on if the papers then retracted if its then disappeared for good is coming back particularly the kind of change tires are arguing that the paper should be disappeared for good because of a number of problems with it add some are arguing that loud ass key has a conflict of interest because the second paper is specifically looking at critical response is to own work but to me is it more interesting Chris's and they're bringing up is that a meeting that little ski conducted an experiment on subject you did not consent to participate in that study which may not seem like a big deal because he's dealing with a blog posts and comments that were published in really acceptable but then when you think about it you realize that he actually needs to bloggers that he discusses in the paper and then he goes on to discuss as a psychologist in a psychology journal does bloggers mental states so add to this one could be considered a gray area and it's certainly exploding online with a lot of anger and frustration um and you know that the journal itself isn't helping things by you know just making the entire paper magically disappear with no explanation its only feeding into probably more conspiracy theories what's going on I should be really interesting to find out exactly what they're going to do in and if the papers can be tracked it or not it is interesting gray area yeah I hate Asians of transparency first of all it also writing apps publishing a paper naming people but sit in about things they've made put in the public domain online you know yeah so what you mean you're basically surrendering any expectation of privacy I think that is the standard right why would agree with that and that's why when I first read these accusations of consent I didn't really give much credence but the fact that he is a psychologist commenting on their mental state your name you know yet like the fact that its in a published papers psychological Journal imply that his summary of their mental state is accepted incomplete which I don't think it's fair so I feel like it would have been fine so long as he is made them anonymous iight I think I probably would have taken care of a lot of his criticisms have some professional him to speculate about the mental state of Maine people in psychological paper

Zombie Parasites ()

• http://style.uk.msn.com/health/zombie-nation-the-outside-forces-controlling-human-brains

Alright well Bob, you're going to tell us about two of my favorite topics Zombies and parasites in one of the guys not only that free will mail take another hit with this at least research now I have half of us maybe zombies and not even know it sounds pretty cool but I'm not talking about Walking Dead style zombies but the new research on parasites infect the brain or newer parasitology conclude after 40 percent of people 40 percent may have a parasite in your brain that's some level can actually control their behavior or is it delete Ellicott put your job be re programming you know you know there was a comedian like okay we need we need a nice little sound by phrase at everyones going to pick up on zombie reprogram them all over the place so you're saying that you can have it was the bacteria what is it your site a dick hit you right now and she's single celled protozoan to tip a text message saying exactly what I was going to talk about that and I know how to say it happens to the brain I was really quite aware the surprise is actually very parasite from the place when you consider that was your day are you pretty much protected from the full power of the music shop there they are there bro to be protected and you're in the brain so you got access to the mine too kind of makes sense if they will they can actually have a fact and is a lot of President is to one of my favorite examples of furniture are worms that need to get into shapes if she's got to continue to their life cycle and reproduce to the Paradise City to the amp brand makes a climb to the top of a blade of grass and Justin just kinda hang out there not do anything and this is where the yacht the sheeple Grey's and if you eat and then again just did it goes through and died and reproduces if the and doesn't get eaten by the time the Sun rises and it gets really strong it'll just go down the umm the blade of grass go back to visit in the next next /a to do the same thing to look at T toxoplasmosis is another great example I'm sure most people you guys for that right to me that you were that yeah this is a single cell parasite that need to get to the stomach of cats so to do that is it infected mice and a cheater Braziel that they're not freak out when they smell a cat instead when encountering a cat or cat urine every act like its a really hot female mouse and dopamine is released in da and they're not afraid of a peek at all so they can eat in the band the odd parents I get site into the city to the digestion and finishes it its life cycle now at the pier side affects people too but instead of making a stink at shirt are really sexy in it it may according anyway to us Joseph Fletcher with a pressure of evolution biology on at the extras University project he says that it takes a taco place most can cause people to be more right reckless in risk averse so they actually from his studies it you kinda showed the ticket to more car accidents for example or you might get these people might be more prone to what were hi iris suicide risk just because it got this disparity confections can you get rid of it what you have it I don't think we do have a way to get rid of Steve if you read way to get rid of toxoplasmosis there are in a row tix to achieve toxoplasmosis virgin really it just to Steve's of the progression of the infection it doesn't get rid of it if you have a tree sapling you have talk so you may need to be on antibiotics for life. alright I'm pretty sure that this doesn't explain the rage in popularity of cat videos on YouTube hahaha oh my god of Sun and the coop in the cafe you're watching what actually of Alicia love Lakers studies he said that done it infected men become introverted suspicious and more likely to wear wrinkled old clothes Wow huh manifest yeah is it really affected women or just the opposite apparently in one study he says they were you sleep well dressed when I arrive at the lab work for interviews I also we're trusting and social and if you select all because it got a spare to breed a text at this lady's research on shows it might be related to what to the influenza virus itself into university of research is infected 36 of their staff using their staff as as controls a vaccine and ethical price yes but it's a cool before and after they got the shots and they were really surprised but they found the people became social animals going from an average of a number of 5 yards from the social interactions a 54 day 201 a day to date a double directions almost beat people but the time spent with each person went from 33 minutes to two and a half minutes so she's like the virus if you want to get this way was making them see as many people as I can and I not for long just enough time possible to train to transmit this and when we should you said we had very limited or simple social lives were suddenly decided they needed to go out to bars or parties um which of course would be a great way to pass is on the more we learn about this the more we can learn to catch a late I had to rewire are self centered making and make more effective psychiatric drugs and I can't help it its chocolate a little bit more its magic design parasite second hand Acuvue to a few minutes I can make you smarter or more pictures were or perhaps I'd learn how to appreciate how good brains really taste to see where this goes does toxoplasmosis thing is this is really interesting man about a third of the show humanity on the planet is infected Toxoplasma about 30 percent of people need wide and a shirt does research now showing that its associated with the development of schizophrenia text some people with schizophrenia may have it because of the baby triggered by Riva toxoplasmosis I'm also Tesla compulsive disorder in which isn't really interesting is that some drugs which are typically used to treat schizophrenia like hell. All and Epico actually hat have anti talk so sex so they may be alright God against me because Direction correcting Toxoplasma itself and at Maple I was trying to fight which patient with schizophrenia respond to the structure how do we know somebody has the parasite to measure yeah or or a CSS lot of people have this mean a lot of people have the right idea I heard 30 percent summer that's right P magic actually dramatically increasing the rates of certain psychiatric diseases that means one or two of us might have it yeah I am assuming I had a lot I'd catch growing up the router cats so I tell if a bacteria viruses parasites a rule the god damn world wow that sure do concert I need and out and I said yes they are overlord tiny evil that's why I love it science fiction weapons are these big powerful like guns and weapons in a sec know if you're going to be so tiny you don't even know that you're there until you're completely overwhelmed to disassemble logos Mauldin ok a big yeah the super dance Stanley innovation sexy sound like people sigh soldiers down to the earth just released a nano cloudOn just converted we would have no chance 0% chance against it.

Genetic Transistors ()

• http://www.interestingthings.net/2013/03/stanford-researchers-discover-genetic.html

You have yourself but with the solar wind hahahaha lol. Jay I tell if the talking about hacking are cells do that with genetic transistors who in a paper recently published in the journal Science nice TVs at a good journal Science yes I've heard it just checking if you needed tire field of study after it haha are you sure to find a journal signs ish sciencw careful that was recently published within the last week by team at Stanford University at alkaline to system of Jay genetic transistors I think I can stop right there that's awesome check trans I was waiting for somebody say something or these genetic like transistors if they came up with can be inserted into living cells and turned on/off if search certain conditions are met and this should be a major step forward in the emerging feel the synthetic biology so you guys know an existing transistor the kind that were already for the wait is it the is the fundamental component for modern electronic devices it was originally developed in the 19 fifties and the transistor recreate the field Electronix a future computing potentially that was the beginning of all the devices that we have in essence the transistor allowed to have logic Inc in a computer there's thirsty functions at a computer does it performs logic it saves data entered recall data so did the real heavy lifting in my opinion of course is the logic part of it is the processing part of it so imagine guys will be able to have some type of logic that's happening inside our cells inside our DNA the researchers Calder work transcript urs and they will be able to do things like you texting toxins in the environment inside of a cell determine the effectiveness of medications minder cancer cells the potential applications are vast of course it's a really fully realize this is fully cheated but date David a milestone today think is so significant did they put the paper out so what was the transistor to terms and conditions are certain conditions are met change the inside of a Celica den be used to make the south to do things like it could what's the biggest things I would imagine it would be able to do just give information to your doctor like this is what's happening on the cellular level do you have to do level of toxins and hit this this marker you know then maybe the doctor can instruct the programming to do something maybe to release other chemicals you know how many cancer cells you detecting things like that I would imagine it would be the beginning of it talk about more than just a transistor in in the cell the right you need more make it is surrounding it work if you can just a transistor everything yeah I agree but I don't know how to get to be communicating with it I don't know if it's going to be on autopilot I'm not quite sure of those details on some of the information I got they said that um they do you send James to control the flow burn a protein's long strand of DNA in a similar to a computer using transistors to control the flow of electrons that's why they're calling these these things they're like transistors. Truehdr you leave researcher at the Stanford University of Engineering said we're going to be able to put computers into any living so you want we're not going to replace the silicon computer recording to replace your phone to your laptop for going to get computing working in places for silicon would never work yet your school concert in your 20s technologies that goes very very difficult to travel into the future to see how are going to really make the best use of it um its interesting pointless to speculate you know about your idea yeah but AM ready anyway we have interacting with the body getting information from it new closing at Luke where were you reading information using that in order to do something at the cellular level has tremendous potential but also a tremendous rest oh yeah I talked about for example having these transistors inside cells and then we need to take the conditions it indicate that the cells a cancer cell they will then trigger a popped Oh sister basically give the kill command for the cell to cell it out to use piece of the instructor we can just kill themselves but you know I'll be sleepy if that I went slightly Arai you in every cell in your body decides yourself that would be so f****** much what happened to oneself where's the Lost Ark and see if you're definitely the doctor I want at my bedside with phone was shut off of the Lost yeah I want to go to redeem myself inside out note 2 times about it's a little scary to recognize mean man yeah yeah making these changes were just talking on the last show about how we were going to be merging with machines you know who knows that seems like it's going to happen talking about that on every show.

Prescribing Placebos ()

• NeuroLogica Blog: Do 97% of UK Doctors Prescribe Placebos?

Alright well, one more quick news item. What do you guys think of this headline this comes from Medical News Today and generally decent medical news outlets the headline is 97 percent of UK doctors prescribe placebos I find that very unlikely I think there's a problem there I'm alright with it scienceDaily was a little bit better David's 97 percent of you can doctors have given to patients at least once okay that's more believable I think what kind of people though Terra da b**** see that's the million dollar question asked on Yahoo how do you define describing facebo so this is a survey that was rigged to produce to the exact results that the that the others wanted to produce try to maximize the on the percentage of doctors who could be said to have ever prescribe placebos so that we suspect this is a way of saying we'll see so alternative practitioners prescribe placebos you just doing the same thing that regular season ah right why I was so clever super clever so here are considered late divided Percy POS into pure and impure placebo cbozarks.com 30 physiological effect impure placebos are treatments that may have an effect what are being given in subway turkey does is or for conditions which they are not effective but here's a list of what they considered to be in pure placebo positive suggestions so if you ever say anything positive to the patient status about that a p**** bow farms at the percentage is so fired supplements for the benefit from this therapy add probiotics for diarrhea peppermint pills for pharyngitis viral infections does the weather was there a piece of ok we will use to potentially pick up there a piece of Medicine news conventional medicine to think of this is not evidence based diagnostic practice is based on the patient request a combination such as nonessential physical examinations nonessential technical examination of the patient so If you in there that was the most problematic for me when was the other positive suggestions really thats you some p**** ashley blue uses a potentially effective therapies people use has nothing to do with whether or not its scientific companies in the pharmaceutical companies usually only go for one or two indications for a drug you're not going to spend tens of millions of dollars it would take to get every possible indication is the only would do that extend the indications for drug if it was going to expand their market but if the evidence is there a doctors are already using it to bother getting an FTA a separate the indication for every little thing that the drugs used for your concern how many of my friends in high school run birth control pills for acne counted as a placebo effect of a label you know that in a survey was at the time I didn't want to not a central physical examinations show me on your lunch was in the absolutely need to base construct a t-rex because part of the interaction with the patient is for the visit you know the kind of a hands on that's possible so anything that is just a normal part of the therapeutic relationship between a doctor and patient but that isn't a strictly evidence based intervention Derek counting is a placebo is total nonsense tricorder readings yeah I mean designed to maximize that number doesn't look at the real number you how many positions are prescribed actual PC does the surveys said it was 12 percent ever and only 1 percent on a regular basis 1 percent real number survey says 1 percent of UK doctors prescribe placebos no I was gonna have to have one is 97 percent yeah it's almost up or out so bright doesn't the static static survey abuse what are you going to do about this and every outlet that I can see laugh it up and critically editors supersize basement of course I really should but it was really going on add attendees editors are sub up free printing press releases so you can just put whatever propaganda you want to press release propagated through the interwebz I'm on science news sites propaganda propagation

Who's That Noisy? ()

Evan you're gonna get a sissy last week we have a puzzle three scientists Albert Isaac and Marie are talking to each other names of scientific books on by Jonas yes did you notice the pattern everything straight guy Evers hoping someone with Albert says Jonas has at least four books by Maxwell Isaac says no he has less or fewer than four books hahahahaha Marie says according to me Jonas has at least one book by Maxwell if you know that only one to three scientist is right how many books by Maxwell does Jonas possess what was going through it show if Albert were to be right at least it would she cleaned the store then Marie says at least one would also be right so if you cross that one out show if Marie were right at least one book then Albert at least four or Isaacs less than four got that to Albert or Isaac would also have to be right to have to cross that option out and therefore it means only Isaac can be right when he says he has less fewer than four books by Maxwell fax number ok see you in 20 so I sick this correct very nice I make sense to everyone way to go pick 3 straight forward it was a relatively easy puzzle show and judging by the number of correct answers we got from our listeners uh to be true so good jobs everyone Michael will it is this week's winner burger I getting the correct answer drawn randomly so well done you're in the final drawing at the end of the year old and what are you up to this weekend I'm doing another logic puzzle I decided to make it was a little bit more difficult for challenging mark is visiting a psychic the great Christina shot a great great Christina tells mark to think of a number 12 or three the great Christina told Mark that she will ask one question of him and he must only reply with yes no or I don't know so what one question should be great Christina asked Mark to find out exactly which number mark has chose I expect a lot of creative replies to this one WTN at the skeptics guide .org or sq forms.com is our form and let us know good luck everyone Alright thank you Evan your welcome well let's go on with our interview

Interview with Ian O'Neill ()

• Discovery: Ian O'Neill

Astronomer with PhD in Solar Physics, science producer for Discovery News

Science or Fiction ()

Item #1: A new study finds that wearing a special contact lens for even a single night can correct for loss of near vision in adults with presbyopia. Item #2: New research finds that most fame is not fleeting – people who become famous tend to stay famous for years or decades. Item #3: Researchers analyzing the fossil record find that thousands of Pacific island bird species went extinct following first contact with Europeans.

Skeptical Quote of the Week ()

Design in nature is but a concatenation of accidents, culled by natural selection until the result is so beautiful or effective as to seem a miracle of purpose.

References