SGU Episode 362

Introduction
You're listening to the Skeptics' Guide to the Universe, your escape to reality.

This Day in Skepticism (0:39)
History.com: Hudson set adrift by mutineers

R: So guess what happened today.

E: You got a driver's license?

R: No. In this day in history, about 401 years ago, the mutinous crew of Henry Hudson's fourth voyage put Henry, his kid, and seven crew members adrift into Hudson Bay and they were never heard from again.

E: Really?

J: They were adrift in Hudson Bay?

R: Yeah, the bay that would eventually be named after him was also apparently the place of Henry Hudson's...

B: Demise...

R: Death.

E: That's a big bay!

J: Correct me if I'm wrong, Rebecca, but can't you see both coasts very easily from the Hudson River?

B & R: That's the river, not the bay.

B: The bay up in Canada. Huge, it's frickin' huge.

R: The bay is very large.

J: Oh, you mean all the way up— oh, boy— so what happened, they fell asleep? They were drinking, and they just fell asleep and just drifted out seawardly, huh?

R: Well, no. What happened was Henry Hudson was attempting to find the passage to India and he was sure that he was going to find it on the other side of Hudson Bay. But what ended up happening in 1610 was that his ship got caught in ice and was then stuck through the winter. The whole crew had to get off the ship and go camp in friggin' Canada in the middle of winter. They were not happy. And when the ice melted and the ship was ready to go again, everybody got back on board and the whole crew pretty much was just like "Okay, so time to go home" and Henry Hudson's like "What are you guys talking about? We're so close!". And he wanted to keep exploring to find the passage to India, which, in his crew's defense— they were right, it didn't exist. They were totally in the right. So what happened was they slipped out. It was on this date, June 23, they finally had enough and they put Hudson and his... he had a teenage son with him, and then they threw a few of their crew members in, including ones who were loyal to Hudson and also a few who were apparently infirmed (which really doesn't seem fair), but they threw all of them into a boat with some clothes and some food and they left them there and they never heard from them again. And when the crew got back...

B: Ouch.

R: The whole crew didn't survive the trip back to England, and when they got back, they blamed... the guys who died on the trip back, they blamed them for leading the mutiny in order so that they wouldn't be executed because that what you do to mutineers, you kill them.

J: So Rebecca, they had a pirate mutiny?

R: Well, yeah, that's exactly it. They were afraid that once they got back to England they would be killed for being mutineers...

S: Because they were.

R: because that's what you do to mutineers. They blamed it on those other guys, but then they still technically could have been charged with mutiny and executed. But they weren't, mostly because England thought that these guys probably had some really good information about shipping routes and all of the things that they had discovered in the new world, so they decided to charge them with murder instead, which they were then acquitted of, rather than mutiny.

B: Oh, wow.

R: So I thought that was interesting, though. Poor Henry Hudson, the bay that still bears his name is his final resting place.

J: So why did they name it after the guy who was so stupid he got most of his crew killed and got frozen in the ice and had to sit there all winter then he made them go mutiny on him because he was such a fool.

R: Well, he did discover the bay. I mean, he discovered it for white people.

S: He gave England the right to claim the Hudson Bay areas.

J: Right, I gotcha.

R: Yeah, and so that was very important to them, even though it didn't include the gold mine that would have been a passage to Asia.

J: Alright, so my opinion of him significantly dropped.

S: Well, you don't know what you're going to discover. The crew was only right in retrospect. You didn't know you weren't going to discover a passage to India until you look for it.

R: And the crew, there were kind of...

S: Yeah, they lost there nerve.

R: ... a bunch of jerks. They killed a teenage boy and a couple of people who were sick just because they were seen as dead weight.

E: "Inconvenient", yes.

R: So the crew was kind of cowardly.

B: Yeah, but after spending a winter in Canada, I would just want to go home. (laughter)

J: Right, Bob? They suffered through, and think about it— there's no Gore-Tex, they don't have any type of insulation. That's it.

S: But what did they sign up for?

J: They're freezing their asses off...

B: What did they eat?

E: Each other.

S: That's what they signed up for.

J: Steve, they signed up for treasure, come on!

R: They weren't pirates, Jay. They weren't actually pirates.

B: They found a treasure of ice.

J: Of course they were pirates! How could you get on a boat with a bunch of other men and go across the globe, Rebecca?

S: To be explorers.

R: For adventure, yeah. Science.

J: Science? They were pirates!

R: If they had discovered the passage to India, they probably all would have been billionaires.

E: It was a gamble, Jay.

Mystery Carbon Spike (6:17)
Nature: Mysterious radiation burst recorded in tree rings

S: Alright, Even, tell us about the mysterious carbon spike.

E: Well there is, there's a real mystery going on in science these days. Not some of these phony-baloney mysteries that creationists and pseudoscientists like to crop up. No, no, real ones. Such as this one about, well, they were looking at tree ring data. They were slicing open the trees and counting the rings and studying the rings and doing carbon-14 dating on the rings. And they've discovered that just over 1200 years ago, our planet experienced this intense burst of high energy radiation— gamma rays. And we don't exactly know what the cause was.

S: Did it kill everybody?

E: Well, that's just it.

B: Gamma ray burster!

E: Now guys, do you know what sort of event can cause gamma rays? Bob?

J: Sure. Supernovas.

B: Alien gamma ray laser pistols.

E: There's that too...

R: Space dinosaurs.

J: Absolutely. Space dinosaurs.

B: Space dinosaurs...

B: Gamma ray bursters.

E: Gamma-ray-in-a-can, The Incredible Hulk...

S: Black holes.

E: There's a couple of things that we definitely do know about. Gamma ray bursts do come from supernovas, and they looked for evidence of a supernova about 1200 years ago, and they're having a hard time finding it. They haven't found it to date for a couple different reasons. There's no record of there having been this massive supernova that would have caused the gamma radiation that would have caused the spike in 14C 1200 years ago, whereas we've seen earlier examples of supernova in which they're well documented all around; well, different parts of the earth have written record of these events and we don't have one for 1200 years ago- 775 A.D. specifically. They're saying that it's possible that it would have occurred in the Southern Sky and therefore we wouldn't have had a record back from that time, you know, in which we didn't have the civilizations that we didn't have in the Northern Hemisphere at the time to make these sorts of recordings. But still there's no evidence that they've found yet, at least, of signs a remnant of the explosion which astronomers can search for, but they haven't found that yet.

B: What about evidence of ozone depletion?

E: And no ozone depletion. They were talking about that in this article as it pertains to solar flares as being the other prime candidate for having produced the required amount of super high energy protons that would have been required to have this sort of event take place. But there was no deletion... they can't detect a significant destruction or depletion of the ozone layer at that time either. So they're having a hard time pinning it specifically to a solar flare.

B: But why are they thinking... wait, they're thinking solar flares and gamma rays? I mean, they're distinct, they're not...

E: Or.

B: ...so it's not definitely gamma rays, it's some sort of high energy event? Oh, okay.

E: That's the point, they don't know, they haven't found it yet. They have not found the smoking gun, per se.

S: Yeah, if there were solar flares, though, that would have massive auroras which might have been recorded historically. But also the destruction of the ozone layer could actually have had ecological effects.

B: Oh, yeah.

S: There was no die-off or anything at that time, so if it were the solar flare it would have been 'massive'.

E: Huge, frickin' huge.

S: But whatever it was, it was a rare event because looking back over tree ring data from the last couple of thousand years it's just this one spike 1200 years ago.

E: And they pinpoint it pretty precisely, that's the wonderful thing about 14C dating and the studying of tree ring data is that you can really get it down to the year. They got it, in fact, right in between 774 and 775 A.D.

Younger Dryas Impact (10:17)
The Daily Mail: Meteorite storm 'smashed the Earth 12,000 years ago and killed off a prehistoric people'

Liberation Procedure Study (16:05)
Science-Based Medicine: Liberation Procedure for Multiple Sclerosis

S: So I have a bit of an update on CCSVI. You guys remember what that is?

E: That's that show on CBS. They solve crimes.

S: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency.

E: Oh, that too.

S: So, in 2009, Dr. Paulo Zamboni, who's an Italian vascular surgeon, published a paper in which he claimed that 100% of MS patients that he investigated showed signs of venous blockage. And he concluded that--

J: Venous?

S: Yeah, so blockage in the veins that drain blood from the brain cause back pressure on those vessels and that leads secondarily to the inflammation and damage that we see in multiple sclerosis, in MS. This is a radical departure from the last 50 years of research into MS, which says that the inflammation is primary, that it's an autoimmune disease, although this isn't the first time that people have proposed these paradigm-changing hypotheses of what's really causing MS, but those have all crashed and burned over the years as well. The claim was met with immediate skepticism, as you might imagine. It's an extraordinary claim; it's like, "never mind those past 50 years of research; this one preliminary study I've found something completely different."

E: Yeah, just 'cause he found it in 100% of his patients; what'd he look at, three people?

S: No, he looked at a number of people, but the other wrinkle to this, which is-- doesn't mean he's wrong, but it does raise an eyebrow-- is that his wife has MS. He set out to find a cure for MS and he found one that happened to be in his specialty as a vascular surgeon. It's all a little convenient, you know what I mean? But regardless, the data was preliminary and... we had to say "OK, let's see if it's replicated." Over the last three years, his finding of 100% correlation was never replicated. And that was also, I think, a red flag. You know, 100%, we never see that in medicine; it's just too messy. Which suggests that there's significant researcher bias there, and if bias can explain some of the findings, maybe it can explain all of the findings. In any case, there have been a number of studies finding a range of percentages of patients with MS with some level of venous blockage, from 0% in some studies to like 20-40%, where most studies come down. However, healthy controls also have similar rates of venous blockage, or patients with other types of neurological disease that don't have MS. So, the correlation's very imperfect; it's highly variable; it depends a lot on what technique you use to look at the veins, because there's different ways you can look at it: Doppler, ultrasound, or MRI scan or angiography. The evidence, I think, overall is basically negative, but maybe there's some correlation with MS. What I suspect is that if this effect, which is much smaller than what Zamboni suggested-- if it is real at all, than it's probably incidental; it's just, yeah there's inflammation around the blood vessels and maybe that causes some scarred veins but it's not pathogenic, all right; it's not causing MS, it's just a consequence of it. What's really interesting from a skeptical point of view is that-- so you have a lone researcher proposing a radical new hypothesis based upon pretty flimsy evidence; it's not really being replicated very well; the data is mixed but tending to be generally negative, and it's being met with an appropriate level of scientific skepticism. But among a sub-group of MS patients, the reaction has been to conclude that this is the cause of MS, treatment of it is a potential cure, and it's being suppressed by neurologists to protect their sort of monopoly over MS, and of course, they're in bed with Big Pharma. Right, so this is--

B: Right.

S: Turf war and Big Pharma protecting their drug profits. Every article online about this issue is filled with comments from people saying: One, anecdotal evidence, which is worthless. "Hey, I got the treatment and I feel a little better." And two, raging conspiracy theories based on absolutely nothing. Meanwhile, there's actually been quite a bit of science on it in just three years for a theory that nobody really thinks is that plausible. There's been about a hundred or so actual studies of it, so it's actually been quite thoroughly investigated, which goes against the conspiracy-mongering notions that it's being suppressed or ignored or whatever. It's like, despite the fact that we don't think it's very likely, people are studying it just to make sure, to give it its due diligence. They're just not finding impressive results. There was one interesting study recently where they tied off the jugular veins in mice. So if you think back pressure from narrowing of the jugular veins is causing MS, you should be able to cause MS in mice by tying off their jugular veins. They did that; it caused nothing; it caused no problems, no back pressure, no demyelination, none of the kinds of findings or deficits that you would see in MS. So that's a pretty strong mark against it. It's also interesting, the different ways you could answer-- ask this question, you know, the animal model versus the clinical data. The news item here is that there was a recent study conducted in Canada, where patients have been the most vociferous in demanding this procedure-- called the "liberation procedure", opening up the veins, the blocked veins. The government essentially bowed to public pressure and allocated $400,000 to study this and now we're getting some preliminary results from this study; the data so far looked at 30 individuals with MS who got the liberation procedure, compared to 10 controls who didn't, and they found there was no benefit at all from the procedure. Interestingly, four of those patients actually had clots form in the jugular veins, so the jugular veins clotted off and became totally blocked after the procedure, which is one of the possible complications, and their MS did not worsen. So again, you would think, if MS was caused by the blockage, that would have been associated with the worsening. So, blocking off the veins didn't make it worse, opening up didn't make it better, pretty devastating evidence against the whole concept. And whatever you think about the concept, the treatment didn't work.

B: It reminds me of chiropractic, Steve, and why quadriplegics or paraplegics don't have multiple organ failure, because--

S: Yeah.

B: It's like, hello, that's kind of a death blow to your theory.

S: Yeah, if you think that the subtle subluxations and nerve impingements can cause organ failure, then what about people whose entire spinal cords are crushed? They seem to do fine. It's incompatible with subluxation, innate intelligence theory. I think the results of this study are fairly incompatible with Zamboni's MS theory. So, you know, it's being researched; it's being given more, I think, research attention than it really deserves, just from the plausibility of the science and the preliminary studies, because of the public interest, which raises an interesting question: how much scientific research, especially clinical studies like this, should be driven by public interest versus scientific plausibility?

J: I would say zero public interest.

S: Yeah, but then people are clamoring for this procedure and they want answers, you know?

J: Well, we all want answers to something, it just boils down to "where's the science".

R: Yeah, but whether or not it's true doesn't determine public interest, unfortunately.

S: I do think that this kind of data will marginalize it. My concern is that it's going to be marginalized but not disappear. So, historically for example, we can go back to the 1970s, when researchers proposed the notion--

B: Laetrile?

S: Well, you can go-- yeah, laetrile or psycho-motor patterning; you know, you can improve children who have developmental delay by passively taking them through the crawling stages to try to stimulate the brain to develop. Completely wrong; the studies showed it has zero effect, it doesn't work. It's still around today on the fringe; the scientists who came up with the idea just started their own institute and are still doing it today. So, in 20 years, is Zamboni or his acolytes going to be doing liberation procedures to treat MS on the fringe? You know, that's-- I'm interested to see if this is going to play out the same way. Or, when the data really comes back negative, is he going to acquiesce to the data and say "OK, it was a nice idea but I was wrong"? He doesn't seem to be--

R: Yeah, let's hope that Zamboni puts his theory on ice.

B: Ohhhh!

(laughing)

S: Waiting for that one, right? It would be really sad if this becomes a fringe treatment, but you know, the patients are seeking out the treatment despite the lack of evidence for it. It's also-- it's not risk-free; there have been two deaths in Canadian patients who have gotten the procedure; it can cause serious complications. So, it's not risk-free; if you do a risk-benefit analysis right now, the data is really against it. The FDA put out a warning saying, "don't do this; the risk versus benefit is not there."

Testing Female Athletes (25:48)
EurekAlert.com: Proposed testosterone testing of some female olympians challenged by Stanford scientists

S: Well, let's move on. Rebecca, you're going to tell us about testing testosterone levels in female athletes. We have the Olympics coming up, the Summer Olympics in London, so we're going to be seeing some news stories related to that.

R: Yeah. The Olympic committee has started this process in which they are hoping to implement a new rule that will police the gender of female athletes, more or less. This is a policy that was already implemented by the International Association of Athletics Federation last year in response to the 2009 case of Caster Semenya. But you might remember her, she is a teenage South African runner who beat her opponent so thoroughly that they demanded she be subjected to an investigation into her sex, and that resulted in months of embarrassment for Semanya as her personal private sex and gender identity were pretty much paraded through the mass media and subjected to much speculation. After eleven months of being banned from competition while that investigation was ongoing, the results came in and though they were kept private she was once again branded as female and allowed to compete. And she'll be running in the Olympics and frankly I'm hoping she beats everyone so thoroughly that they have to start a new campaign to decide whether or not she is human. (laughter)

E: Part cheetah.

R: Anyway, this new policy would require hormone testing for any woman accused of being too awesome. The test will try to determine if the woman's testosterone is too high, and if it is she'll either be banned from competition or else forced to undergo treatment that will lower her testosterone. And there are a number of serious problems with that, as many doctors and scientists have come forward to say. I'll detail a few of them. For a start, hormones do not solely determine sex. A woman with high testosterone is still a woman. As we've discussed on this show in the past, sex is a complicated matter that involves interplay between... It involves your chromosomes, your anatomy, your hormones, your brain. Just having high testosterone doesn't make you less of a woman. And a female brain deals with testosterone in a different way than a male brain. Secondly, there's no baseline for what a normal level of testosterone is for a high performing female athlete, so it's impossible at this point to determine what amount would be 'too high'. Thirdly, there's no evidence that higher testosterone in women is directly related to improved athletic ability. And fourthly, even if high testosterone in women did correlate to improved athletic ability, so what? High performing athletes are high performing athletes for a reason. Different people have different innate abilities. Basketball players aren't banned because of pituitary disorders that might give them an "unfair advantage" over shorter players.

E: As long as this person is not cheating, it should not be a problem. I don't see what the problem is.

S: Well, here's the problem. The problem is that sports treats gender in a binary fashion. You're either on the men's team or the women's team. But sex is not, as Rebecca was saying, it's not that simplistically binary. It's actually a complicated sort of a spectrum. So there's always going to be people that are going to fall in the gray zone, and then the sporting world is going to have to deal with how to assign them to the binary rules of you have to be either competing as a man or competing as a woman. So that's, I think... This issue is sort of running afoul of that inherent problem. There could be cases that are even more ambiguous, where it might actually be challenging to decide what exact criteria are we going to use to assign this person to compete as a man or a woman.

R: Right. I mean there are people out there who are intersex, but the thing is that they're so few and far between. And there have only been two instances in which an actual man was caught trying to masquerade as a woman in the Olympics. And intersex athletes are incredibly rare and there's no evidence to suggest that intersex athletes somehow are dominating the upper echelons of women's sports. So basically what's happening is the Olympic Committee is trying to solve a problem that doesn't really exist, using a test that won't work, and which will only subject top female athletes to public ridicule and scorn while preventing them from competing. I mean if you look at what happened to Semenya, she won a race and one of her opponents who came in sixth place was quoted as saying "These kind of people should not run with us. For me, she's not a woman. She's a man." And we're talking about...

E: Sour grapes, sour grapes.

R: Yeah, we're talking about a teenage girl. And if the Olympics adopt this policy, then literally every woman competing will be at risk of being forced to undergo testing and taking a temporary ban from her sport just because her opponents are bitter. And when a woman is temporarily banned, you can be sure that the media is going to blow it up and subject her to public scrutiny just like they did with Semenya. And this isn't the first time gender policing has come up in regards to the Olympics. IN the '60s, female athletes had to walk naked in front of a panel of experts who would determine their sex. That was replaced by chromosome tests...

B: Oh my God!

J: That sounds like Old Boy's Club type bullshit. "Oh, you must parade in front of us naked!" Yeah...

E: "Now gallop, now trot..."

R: Yeah, it's ridiculous.

S: The Pope needs to have his genitalia examined before he can become the Pope...(silence) Because a woman masqueraded as a...

E: That's an excuse! Come on.

R: There was a woman... yeah, a woman snuck in.

S: Do you guys remember Renée Richards?

B: Oh yeah.

E: Yeah, married to Sharlie Sheen [sic]? Oh, wait, that's Denise Richards.

S: Yeah, Renée Richards was born Richard Raskind, a man, and then had gender reassignment surgery and then tried to compete in tennis professionally as a woman. He was, or she at that time was banned from the U.S. Open, who sited an unprecedented Woman-Born-Woman policy. "You can only compete as a woman if you were born a woman". And that ban was then challenged and the Supreme Court ruled in her favor in 1977, so she was able to compete as a female athlete. And this is considered a landmark decision in transsexual rights.

J: Now that I'm an adult thinking back on that, you know, I don't know how fair that is now. Because there's a reason why they have men and women competing separate, and that's because there is a gap between the two in most strength-based sports. I don't know, what do you guys think. Is that fair?

R: Look at the top female athletes in the world. How many of them are transgendered or transsexual. You know, we're not...

E: Very, very few.

R: If any! We're not at all at risk of having transgender women overtaking cisgendered women in sports. It's just not going to happen, and certainly not going to inspire a bunch of men to go and undergo serious surgeries and hormone replacement therapies just so that they can compete against women. It's a problem that isn't even a problem, it doesn't exist, you know.

S: It's kind of a hypothetical problem, almost, but with the very rare cases cropping up.

J: Yeah, I'm just saying... in that specific instance an athlete had a sex change, but was still technically — and now we're getting into that discussion again about "What's the difference between men and women?" and is there a way to define that, but...

S: I know what you're saying, Jay, and there is no objective answer here. It comes down to some value judgments as to what you think is more important. And again, as Rebecca's saying, the cases are so rare, just erroring on the side of the individual, who may be either transgender or ambiguous gender or whatever, if they want to compete as a man or a woman and it's reasonable, let 'em, who cares? It's not a big problem, and I think it's a reasonable approach. Trying to be really strict on the gender definitions is kind of problematic and doesn't seem to be worth the heartache that it causes, you know, 'cause it's just not that much of a problem.

R: And look at how Renée Richards ranked. I just looked this up to be sure, but her highest ranking at the end of the year was 22nd. So, you know, she was a good tennis player. Did she dominate other women? No. There's nothing about her being born and labeled as a man that led to her getting some advantage over other women, it just didn't happen.

Interview with Zhong Lin Wang (35:28)
Ideas, Inventions and Innovations: Ancient Effect Harnessed To Produce Electricity From Waste Heat

Audible Podcast advertisement (48:54)

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Who's That Noisy? (50:41)
(Answer to last week: Baby rhinos)

S: Evan!

E: Doctor?

S: You know what I'm gonna say.

E: I do! Has it been a week already since we played the last Who's That Noisy?

S: It has.

E: How time flies.

B: Seems like only a couple days.

E: It's true Bob. Well, I will remind you all by playing last week's Who's That Noisy. Guess what this is, here we go —

[high-pitched animal noises]

E: Alright, so what do you think that was?

S: Some kinda 'animalcule'?

E: Yes, good, good, keep going.

J: It was a bird. I think it was a bird. Remember last week I said…

E: No, not a bird, not a bird.

S: I think it was a vertebrate of some sort.

B: With fur.

E: Uh huh, yeah, yeah. Rebecca, any guesses?

R: Nope. (laughter)

J: (mocking Rebecca) Nope, nope.

E: I don't… It was a baby rhinoceros.

B: Whoa!

S: Really…

J: That's adorable!

E: And that, I mean, they sound cute and they look cute and these are cute animals, I've got to admit it.

S: Baby rhinos?

E: Baby rhinos.

B: It's funny, you think of a baby rhino but they probably weigh 350 lbs. They are impressive creatures. Driving by one of them? Oh my God, they are amazingly massive. Cool.

J: Oh yeah, they do everything big, everything.

E: And we're going to announce the winner of this weeks Who's That Noisy, ahh… next week. So we'll actually be announcing two winners next week.

B: Just because.

E: Alright, now, on to fresh news, on to new stuff. And… without… further… delay… or pause…

J: Evan, what the hell? Why do you… what's this big presentation? "AND NOW… WITHOUT FURTHER ADO… COMING TO YOU FROM MY COMPUTER TO YOUR EAR!" What is that? Why do you do that?

E: That's a fair question. Well, I queue up all the Who's That Noisys in this one little device I have and it takes time to switch over from one file to another. It's not an instantaneous thing, so it takes me a couple seconds. And, you know, the little box can be a little finicky sometimes and not queue up exactly immediately so I have to fill the air, you know. Dead air is no air.

J: Why didn't you say something? All this time I thought you were like "I MUST BE PRESENTATIONAL!"

E: AND NOW, TIME FOR MY ACTING REHEARSAL!

S: Actually, Jay, I usually edit that out, so our audience rarely hears any of Evan's delaying. I knew what he was doing, just delaying while he's queuing it up. I just edit it out.

J: Five… I'm sorry, seven years of Evan delaying.

E: And it's been puzzling you, keeping you up at night, wondering, thinking…

J: It didn't occur to me till right now that "What the hell is he doing? Like, what? Is this a wind up?"

E: "Is he trying to be cheesy deliberately?" No, no, I'm a slave to technology and these are the limits of technology.

J: Oh, I feel much better.

B: Is there a Noisy in our future?

E: Alright, it is in queue and I am ready to play it for your enjoyment. Guess Who's That Noisy?

"[recording] There's no evidence of evolution from one species to another. There's microevolution within species, but not going from one species to another."

So go ahead, figure out who that is and send us your answer. You can email us at SGU Website or post on our forums at SGU Forums. And of course, as I say every week, and I mean it with all my heart: Good luck to everyone!

J: "GOOD LUCK EVERYBODY!" (laughter)

Questions and Emails (54:32)
S: All right, we've got a couple of emails this week. The first one comes from Greg Pellechi from Phnom Penh, Cambodia. And he writes:

"A few weeks ago you referred [to] and discussed an article that came out of South Korea, concerning the seizure of shipments of pills that contained ground human foeti that has been sent from China. The comment was made and I'm sorry but I forget by whom, that aside from the lack of fact checking there was a lack of information to back up the Asian/Eastern medicine beliefs extending to human body parts. Those beliefs being, that the consumption of certain parts of humans provide medicinal benefits much in the way eating birds' nest soup or shark fin soup, or dried tiger penis"

S: Mmmm. Dried tiger penis. (laughter)

E: In Cool Ranch flavor, too.

"will impart some sort of advantage. I have come across some information that would state otherwise. Now I recognize that it is coming from a tertiary source,"

S: We love tertiary sources on this show.

E: Oh yeah.

"but the research of this source tends to reputable. Joel Brinkley, Pulitzer prize winning author and journalist of 'Cambodia's Curse' references just such a belief. His references is a Chinese bureaucrat sent to the Angkor kingdom in the year AD 1295 and 1296 by the name of Zhou Daguan. On page 21 of 'Cambodia's Curse' Brinkley makes expressive mention of Cambodians, the Vietnamese and others eating human body parts. There is even mention of this continuing well into the 20th century. The belief in various parts of the body being inhabited by spirits remains strong in Cambodia and other parts of SE Asia. This article from the Phnom Penh Post, provides further evidence and perhaps discussion: (link unavailable). So, presumably the foetal tablets are not inconceivable knowing the value ascribed to human life and those of others and the belief in certain types of medicine that persist here in Asia. I of course being a 'barang' (foreigner) am not privilege to all of these beliefs and can only provide anecdotal evidence based upon my observations, but as I said before the pills made of human babies is possible."

S: So what do you think about that, Rebecca?

R: Yeah, I find his email's really interesting, but it doesn't necessarily add anything to the idea that fetuses in and of themselves are considered a beneficial medicine. However, there was recently a report from U.K.'s The Independent newspaper in which a British man was arrested in Thailand smuggling six roasted human fetuses, and this is actually a lot more credible than the previous report. It includes photos of the roasted fetuses and it's pretty thorough in describing what went down. This guy had these fetuses that he had covered in gold leaf and he was ready to sell them for quite a lot of money. This is a pretty well documented case of fetuses being used in some type of ritual, at least, which I think is a bit more convincing and does lead... lend a bit more credence to the powdered fetus story that we saw before.

S: We also did get some email. We asked for people who were in Korea to send us some local news that might help corroborate the story and we told the story of human.... of pills that were seized that were made of powdered human fetuses, and Rebecca was speculating — I also read the same speculation from others, Rebecca — that maybe there was really placenta and that there was a problem with translation. But apparently we were sent translated news stories from Korea that indicate that there actually was an investigative journalist that pursued this story, and including video in a home where these fetuses were being roasted and dried and the parts sort of laid out and powdered up. So it seemed to be a little bit... there was some more direct evidence found by this journalist. I do think that the notion that eating fetuses could give some kind of medicinal benefit is not a stretch, even if it may not have a long history, I think that it is sort of in line with a lot of the types of magical beliefs that are going around. If you think rhino horn is going to grow your penis, then it's not a stretch to think that eating fetal tissue is going to make you live longer or will cure your illness. So I still haven't seen direct 'smoking gun' evidence, but the reports coming out of Korea seem to be a little bit more convincing.

Science or Fiction (59:18)
Item number one. A recent review of evidence concludes that, contrary to common belief, fathers in centuries past were nurturing and heavily involved in child care. Item number two. A new study finds that children born to older fathers have a longer life expectancy. And item number three. A review of over 500 studies concludes that a nurturing and accepting relationship with one's father is often more important to healthy psychological development than with one's mother.

Skeptical Quote of the Week (1:14:31)
J: This quote was sent in by...

S: Jay? Jay, do you have a quote? (laughter)

J: Yes, I was doing... Rebecca, this quote was sent in by ?Goodwander Johnson?, and I'm having trouble pronouncing it because he's from Norway. And he's pretty cool because he sent me a quote from X-Men, issue #165. Wolverine is speaking to Nightcrawler on the topic of faith, and Wolverine said in a complete and total irreverent, badass way

"I believe in nothing, never have, never will. What matters is what I can see, hear, smell, taste, touch. Tangible things, physical things, reality.  The rest is imagination."

J: Wolverine! (laughter)

E: You sound like someone from Red Dawn.

S: Wolverine...

J: I thought that was interesting. I mean, what it means to have no faith in anything, and decided to have Wolverine to be the embodiment of that, which he is.

S: Yeah, you know, it's nice to have a fictional character who is unapologetically atheist like that, or who believes in reality and not in fantasy. But you know when it gets stated that emphatically like that, you always wonder if it's really...

B: Yeah...

E: They're setting you up for a ruse.

S: It's like an insult, like it's meant to be a cynical portrayal, not a thoughtful rationalist, but trying to show that Wolverine is kind of the cynical atheist, which is not a very flattering portrayal.

R: Wolverine is usually portrayed as being really wise in his ways, his animalistic ways.

J: Yeah, but he's a curmudgeon, he's not pleasant. In the comics he's a lot less pleasant than he is in the movies.